赋予妇女和女童权力如何有助于阻止全球变暖 – Katharine Wilkinson

TED 精选 2019-01-17

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赋予妇女和女童权力如何有助于阻止全球变暖 - Katharine Wilkinson

如果我们真的想解决气候变化问题，就需要让性别平等成为现实，作家兼环保主义者凯瑟琳 · 威尔金森（Katharine Wilkinson）如是说。作为“缩减项目”的一部分，威尔金森在帮助人类寻找减少温室气体排放和气候变化的解决方案：一些显而易见的事情，如可再生能源和可持续饮食，以及不那么明显的事情，如教育和赋予女性权力。在这段内容丰富、大胆的演讲中，她分享了赋予妇女和女童平等的权利有助于应对气候变化的三个关键途径。她说，“气体排放的下降取决于其他因素的进步。”

00:12
There are two powerful phenomena unfolding on earth: the rise of global warming and the rise of women and girls. The link between them is often overlooked, but gender equity is a key answer to our planetary challenge. Let me explain.
地球上正在出现两种强大的现象：全球变暖的出现以及妇女和女孩地位的提高。它们之间的联系常常被忽视，但性别平等是应对我们全球挑战的关键答案。我来解释一下。

00:34
For the last few years, I have been working on an effort called "Project Drawdown." Our team has scoured humanity's wisdom for solutions to draw down heat-trapping, climate-changing emissions in the atmosphere -- not "someday, maybe, if we're lucky" solutions, the 80 best practices and technologies already in hand: clean, renewable energy, including solar and wind; green buildings, both new and retrofitted; efficient transportation from Brazil to China; thriving ecosystems through protection and restoration; reducing waste and reclaiming its value; growing food in good ways that regenerates soil; shifting diets to less meat, more plants; and equity for women and girls. Gender and climate are inextricably linked. Drawing down emissions depends on rising up.
在过去的几年里，我一直在努力进行一项名为 “缩减项目” 的工作。我们的团队已经探索了人类的智慧，试图找到解决方案，以减少大气中的热捕获，导致气候变化的气体排放—— 不是那种 “幸运的话，问题总会解决的” 的解决方案，我们已经掌握了 80 种最佳实践和技术：清洁、可再生能源，包括太阳能和风能；绿色建筑，无论是新建的还是改建的；从巴西到中国的高效交通；通过保护和恢复性措施使生态系统蓬勃发展；减少浪费，回收再利用；以健康可持续的方式种植粮食；将饮食转向少肉、多素食；让妇女和女童享有平等的权利。性别与气候密不可分。减少排放取决于其他因素的进步。

01:50
First, a bit of context. We are in a situation of urgency, severity and scope never before faced by humankind. So far, our response isn't anywhere close to adequate. But you already know that. You know it in your gut, in your bones. We are each part of the planet's living systems, knitted together with almost 7.7 billion human beings and 1.8 million known species. We can feel the connections between us. We can feel the brokenness and the closing window to heal it. This earth, our home, is telling us that a better way of being must emerge, and fast.
首先给大家介绍一下问题的大背景。我们正处在一个人类前所未有的紧迫、严峻且影响广泛的局势中。到目前为止，我们的应对措施还远远不够。但是你已经知道了。你对这个问题的了解深入骨髓。我们是地球生命系统的一部分，与将近 77 亿人类和 180 万已知的物种交织在一起。我们可以感觉到我们之间的联系。我们可以感觉到这种联系的破碎而且难以痊愈。这个地球，我们的家园，正在告诉我们，对一个更好的生活方式的需求已经迫在眉睫。

02:47
In my experience, to have eyes wide open is to hold a broken heart every day. It's a grief that I rarely speak, though my work calls on the power of voice. I remind myself that the heart can simply break, or it can break open. A broken-open heart is awake and alive and calls for action. It is regenerative, like nature, reclaiming ruined ground, growing anew. Life moves inexorably toward more life, toward healing, toward wholeness. That's a fundamental ecological truth. And we, all of us, we are life force.
根据我的经验，睁大眼睛，你会发现这个世界的变化让你心碎。虽然我的工作依靠声音的力量，但是这种悲伤却难以言说。我提醒自己，人心很容易破碎，或者它可以因破碎而敞开。一颗破碎的，敞开的心是清醒的，鲜活的，不会无动于衷。它是可再生的，就像大自然，让受损的大地重新生长。生命无可阻挡地催生更多的生命，走向愈合，走向完整。这是一个基本的生态真理。而我们，我们所有人，我们都是生命力。

03:39
On the face of it, the primary link between women, girls and a warming world is not life but death. Awareness is growing that climate impacts hit women and girls hardest, given existing vulnerabilities. There is greater risk of displacement, higher odds of being injured or killed during a natural disaster. Prolonged drought can precipitate early marriage as families contend with scarcity. Floods can force last-resort prostitution as women struggle to make ends meet. The list goes on and goes wide. These dynamics are most acute under conditions of poverty, from New Orleans to Nairobi. Too often, the story ends here. But not today. Another empowering truth begs to be seen. If we gain ground on gender equity, we also gain ground on addressing global warming. This connection comes to light in three key areas, three areas where we can secure the rights of women and girls, shore up resilience and avert emissions at the same time.
从表面上看，妇女、女孩和变暖的世界之间的主要联系不是生命，而是死亡。人们渐渐认识到，鉴于现有的脆弱性，气候影响对妇女和女孩的冲击最大。她们在自然灾害中流离失所的风险更大，受伤或死亡的可能性更高。长期干旱会导致家庭因资源匮乏，从而促成早婚。洪水可能迫使妇女被迫卖淫，以维持生计。这样的例子不胜枚举。从美国新奥尔良到肯尼亚内罗毕，这些事件在贫困中最为突出。故事往往在这里结束，但是今天不同。另一个强大的真理也值得注意。如果我们在性别平等方面取得进展，我们也能在应对全球变暖方面取得进展。这种联系凸显在三个关键的领域—— 在这三个领域中，我们能够确保妇女和女孩的权利，增强抵御风险的能力，同时避免气体排放。

04:53
Women are the primary farmers of the world. They produce 60 to 80 percent of food in lower-income countries, often operating on fewer than five acres. That's what the term "smallholder" means. Compared with men, women smallholders have less access to resources, including land rights, credit and capital, training, tools and technology. They farm as capably and efficiently as men, but this well-documented disparity in resources and rights means women produce less food on the same amount of land. Close those gaps, and farm yields rise by 20 to 30 percent. That means 20 to 30 percent more food from the same garden or the same field. The implications for hunger, for health, for household income -- they're obvious. Let's follow the thread to climate.
妇女是世界上主要的农民。在低收入国家，她们生产了 60% 至 80% 的粮食，通常在不到 5 英亩的土地上经营。这就是“小农”这个术语的含义。与男性相比，女性小农获得资源，包括土地权、信贷和资本、培训、工具和技术的机会较少。她们能够与男性一样干练和高效地耕作，但这种有据可查的资源和权利差距意味着女性在同样面积的土地上生产的粮食较少。缩小这些差距，农业产量就可以提高 20% 至 30%。这意味着同一花园或同一田地会多出20% 到 30% 的食物。这一改变对饥饿、健康、家庭收入的影响是显而易见的。我们再看看气候问题。

05:53
We humans need land to grow food. Unfortunately, forests are often cleared to supply it, and that causes emissions from deforestation. But if existing farms produce enough food, forests are less likely to be lost. So there's a ripple effect. Support women smallholders, realize higher yields, avoid deforestation and sustain the life-giving power of forests. Project Drawdown estimates that addressing inequity in agriculture could prevent two billion tons of emissions between now and 2050. That's on par with the impact household recycling can have globally. Addressing this inequity can also help women cope with the challenges of growing food as the climate changes. There is life force in cultivation.
我们人类需要土地种植粮食。不幸的是，森林常常被砍伐用作农田，这就导致了因毁林造成的气体排放。但是，如果现有的农场能够生产足够的粮食，森林就不太可能被毁。所以存在一个涟漪效应。支持女性小农户，实现更高的产量，避免砍伐森林，并维持森林赋予生命的力量。 “缩减项目”估计，从现在到 2050 年。解决农业中的不平等问题可以防止 20 亿吨的气体排放。这相当于全球家庭回收所产生的影响。解决这种不平等问题还可以帮助妇女应对气候变化带来的粮食种植挑战。耕作中也孕育着生命力。

06:49
At last count, 130 million girls are still denied their basic right to attend school. Gaps are greatest in secondary school classrooms. Too many girls are missing a vital foundation for life. Education means better health for women and their children, better financial security, greater agency at home and in society, more capacity to navigate a climate-changing world. Education can mean options, adaptability, strength. It can also mean lower emissions. For a variety of reasons, when we have more years of education, we typically choose to marry later and to have fewer children. So our families end up being smaller. What happens at the individual level adds up across the world and over time. One by one by one, the right to go to school impacts how many human beings live on this planet and impacts its living systems. That's not why girls should be educated. It's one meaningful outcome.
根据最近的一次统计，仍然有1.3 亿女孩被剥夺了上学的基本权利。中学教室的差距最大。太多的女孩缺少维持生活的重要基础。教育意味着女性及其子女会更加健康、有更好的财政保障、在家庭和社会中发挥更大的作用，更有能力在气候不断变化的世界中生存。教育可以意味着选择，适应性，力量，也意味着更低的排放。由于种种原因，当我们受到更多的教育，通常就会选择晚婚，少生孩子，于是我们的家庭会变小。在个人层面上发生的事情会随着时间推移在世界范围内而累积起来。一个接一个的，上学的权利会影响到有多少人生活在这个星球上，并影响到它的生命系统。这不是女孩应该接受教育的原因。这是一个有意义的结果。

08:04
Education is one side of a coin. The other is family planning: access to high-quality, voluntary reproductive health care. To have children by choice rather than chance is a matter of autonomy and dignity. Yet in the US, 45 percent of pregnancies are unintended. Two hundred and fourteen million women in lower-income countries say they want to decide whether and when to become pregnant but aren't using contraception. Listening to women's needs, addressing those needs, advancing equity and well-being: those must be the aims of family planning, period.
教育是一枚硬币的一面。硬币的另一面是计划生育—— 获得高质量的自愿生殖保健。依靠选择，而非计划之外的怀孕，是一个关乎自主和尊严的问题。然而在美国， 45%的怀孕是意外怀孕。低收入国家中有 2.14 亿女性表示，她们想自己决定是否怀孕以及何时怀孕，但却没有使用避孕措施。倾听女性的需要, 满足这些需要, 促进公平和福祉：这些必须是计划生育的目标。没有任何商量的余地。

Curbing the growth of our human population is a side effect, though a potent one. It could dramatically reduce demand for food, transportation, electricity, buildings, goods and all the rest, thereby reducing emissions. Close the gaps on access to education and family planning, and by mid-century, we may find one billion fewer people inhabiting earth than we would if we do nothing more. According to Project Drawdown, one billion fewer people could mean we avoid nearly 120 billion tons of emissions. At that level of impact, gender equity is a top solution to restore a climate fit for life. At that level of impact, gender equity is on par with wind turbines and solar panels and forests. There is life force in learning and life force in choice.
遏制人口的增长是一个副作用，尽管这是一个强有力的作用。它可以大大减少对粮食、交通、电力、建筑物、货物和其他所有产品的需求，从而减少排放。缩小在获得教育和计划生育方面的差距，到本世纪中叶，我们可能就会发现地球上居住的人口比顺其自然的发展要少十亿。根据“缩减项目”，减少 10 亿人口可能意味着我们避免了可意味着我们避免了近 1200 亿吨的排放。在这一影响程度上，性别平等是恢复宜居环境的首要解决方案。在这一影响程度上，性别平等的作用不亚于风力涡轮机、太阳能电池板和森林。学习和选择中也有生命力。

09:49
Now, let me be clear: this does not mean women and girls are responsible for fixing everything.
我要强调一下：这并不意味着妇女和女孩有责任处理所有问题。

09:56
Though we probably will.
虽然我们可能会这样做。

10:04
Equity for women in agriculture, education and family planning: these are solutions within a system of drawdown solutions. Together, they comprise a blueprint of possibility. And let me be even clearer about this: population cannot be seen in isolation from production or consumption. Some segments of the human family cause exponentially greater harm, while others suffer outsized injustice. The most affluent -- we are the most accountable. We have the most to do.
妇女在农业、教育和计划生育方面的平等：这些都是缩减解决方案体系内的解决方案。它们共同构成了一个可能性的蓝图。我还要进一步澄清一下：对人口的审视不能脱离生产或消费。人类大家庭的某些部分造成了指数倍的伤害，而另一些部分则遭受着严重的不公正待遇。最富裕的那部分人—— 我们应该是最负责任的，我们需要做的事情最多。

10:46
The gender-climate connection extends beyond negative impacts and beyond powerful solutions. Women are vital voices and agents for change on this planet, and yet we're too often missing or even barred from the proverbial table. We're too often ignored or silenced when we speak. We are too often passed over when plans are laid or investments made. According to one analysis, just 0.2 percent of philanthropic funds go specifically towards women and the environment, merely 110 million dollars globally, the sum spent by one man on a single Basquiat painting last year. These dynamics are not only unjust, they are setting us up for failure. To rapidly, radically reshape society, we need every solution and every solver, every mind, every bit of heart, every set of hands.
性别和气候的联系不仅限于消极影响和强有力的解决办法。女性是地球变革的重要声音和推动者。然而，我们往往缺席，甚至被拒之门外。我们在发言时经常被忽视或阻止。在制定计划或进行投资时，我们也常常被无视。根据一项分析，只有 0.2% 的慈善资金专门用于解决女性和环境问题，全世界加起来才 1.1 亿美元，去年一个人在一幅名人的绘画作品上就花了这么多钱。这一切不仅是不公正的，而且使我们无法实现目标。为了迅速地从根本上重塑社会，我们需要群策群力，需要每一个大脑，每一颗心灵，每一双手的参与。

11:49
We often crave a simple call to action, but this challenge demands more than a fact sheet and more than a checklist. We need to function more like an ecosystem, finding strength in our diversity. You know what your superpowers are. You're an educator, farmer, healer, creator, campaigner, wisdom-keeper. How might you link arms where you are to move solutions forward?
我们经常渴望一个简单的行动号召，但是这一挑战需要的不仅仅是让人们了解真相，也不仅仅是制定计划。我们更需要像生态系统一样运作，在我们的多样性中寻找力量。你最了解自己的长处。你是一个教育家，农民，治疗师，创造者，运动家，智慧守护者。要如何肩并肩一同推进解决方案的发展？

12:21
There is one role I want to ask that all of you play: the role of messenger. This is a time of great awakening. We need to break the silence around the condition of our planet; move beyond manufactured debates about climate science; share solutions; speak truth with a broken-open heart; teach that to address climate change, we must make gender equity a reality. And in the face of a seemingly impossible challenge, women and girls are a fierce source of possibility.
我想询问的是一个你们都在扮演的角色：信使的角色。这是一个伟大的觉醒时刻。我们需要打破地球环境的沉默；超越关于气候科学的人为辩论；分享解决方案；带着一颗破碎但开放的心说真话；教育别人，为了应对气候变化，我们必须实现性别平等。面对一个看似十分艰巨的挑战，妇女和女孩身上具备最丰富的可能性。

13:02
It is a magnificent thing to be alive in a moment that matters so much. This earth, our home, is calling for us to be bold, reminding us we are all in this together -- women, men, people of all gender identities, all beings. We are life force, one earth, one chance. Let's seize it.
在一个如此重要的时刻，活着是一件伟大的事。这个地球，我们的家园，正呼吁我们勇往直前，提醒我们要同舟共济—— 女人，男人，所有性别的人，所有人。我们都是生命力，一个地球，一次机会。让我们抓住它吧。[/hide]